How hospital stays could be reduced for older patients

New research conducted by Flinders University has revealed one key way that hospital stays could be minimised for older patients.

According to researchers, ensuring that these patients receive specialised medication management could potentially lower the risk of death — as well as decrease the amount of time they spend hospitalised.

The research, which was published in The Journal of the American Medical Directors Association (JAMDA), also found that one in 10 older people experience ‘adverse drug reactions’ (ADRs) to medications whilst in hospital.

How was the study conducted?

The study looked at more than 700 patients aged 65 and older admitted to Flinders Medical Centre over three years and found that 72 of them (about 10%) had experienced an unwanted reaction to their medications.

It also found that the number of adverse reactions a patient had was linked to how long they stayed in hospital and whether they died during the admission. The medicines most associated with ADRs include those used to treat high blood pressure and other cardiac conditions, strong painkillers such as oxycodone and antibiotics such as penicillin.

“As the population is getting older, patients have more chronic medical conditions and are taking a greater number of medications so it’s becoming increasingly important for healthcare systems to focus on preventing harm from medications,” said Dr Joshua Inglis, a researcher with the College of Medicine and Public Health, and Consultant Physician in Flinders Medical Centre’s Department of Clinical Pharmacology.

“We found that in hospitalised patients aged 65 years and older, adverse reactions to medication were associated with longer stays in hospital and a higher risk of death.”

What steps should be taken to reduce the risk?

The findings have prompted calls for hospitals to take further steps to prevent medication-related harm.

“Currently, doctors review each patient’s medications during their hospital stay, but there is an opportunity to establish multidisciplinary teams that take a hospital-wide approach to managing specific high-risk medications classes,” Inglis said.

“Medication stewardship programs that monitor the use of high-risk medications, coordinate interventions and work with patients and practitioners can significantly protect older patients during their hospital stay.

“Stewardship programs have been successfully developed for antibiotics and shown to improve patient outcomes, and the concept can also be applied to other high-risk medications such as opioids, anticoagulants and psychotropics,” he said.

Examples of unwanted side effects included kidney and liver injuries, low blood pressure, sedation, nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea and bleeding.

“For every reaction that occurred, patients stayed in hospital for longer and were at a higher risk of death during their hospital admission.

“To our knowledge, this is the first study to find an association between experiencing an ADR in hospital and serious consequences for patients.

“Importantly, it highlights the need for healthcare organisations to develop stewardship programs that prevent ADRs from occurring in the first place.”

Inglis said further studies using other patient cohorts, such as older people living with dementia, could provide valuable insights into developing ways to improve health outcomes for the aged population and reduce ADRs.

The research, ‘The Clinical Impact of Hospital-Acquired Adverse Drug Reactions in Older Adults: An Australian Cohort Study’ was published in JAMDA.

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